Skip to main content
Download PDF

Complete genome sequence of Vulcanisaeta distributa type strain (IC-017T)

Standards in Genomic Sciences volume 3, pages117–125(2010)Cite this article

Abstract

Vulcanisaeta distributa Itoh et al. 2002 belongs to the family Thermoproteaceae in the phylum Crenarchaeota. The genus Vulcanisaeta is characterized by a global distribution in hot and acidic springs. This is the first genome sequence from a member of the genus Vulcanisaeta and seventh genome sequence in the family Thermoproteaceae. The 2,374,137 bp long genome with its 2,544 protein-coding and 49 RNA genes is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.

Introduction

Strain IC-017T (= DSM 14429 = JCM 11212) is the type strain of the species Vulcanisaeta distributa, which is the type species of its genus Vulcanisaeta [1]. The only other species in the genus is V. souniana [1,2]. The genus name derives from the Latin words ‘vulcanicus’ meaning volcanic, and ‘saeta’ meaning stiff hair, to indicate a rigid rod inhabiting volcanic hot springs [1]. The species epithet derives from the Latin ‘distributa’, referring to the wide distribution of strains belonging to this species [1]. The type strain IC-017T was isolated from a hot spring in Ohwakudani, Kanagawa, Japan [1]. Fourteen additional strains [IC-019, IC-029 (= JCM 11213), IC-030, IC-032, IC-051, IC-052, IC-058, IC-064 (= JCM 11214), IC-065 (= JCM 11215), IC-124 (= JCM 11216), IC-135 (= JCM 11217), IC-136, IC-140 and IC-141 (= JCM 11218)] are included in this species [1]. At the time of the species description, the terminus ‘distributa’ referred simply to a wide distribution within Japan [1]. However, 16S rRNA sequences which probably belong to the genus Vulcanisaeta (≥95% sequence similarity to V. distributa) have been obtained from 117°C hot deep-sea hydrothermal fluid in the south Mariana area [3]. Clone sequences that are highly similar to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain IC-017T were obtained from an acidic hot spring water at the Tatung Volcano area in Northern Taiwan (99%, FJ797325), the hot Sylvan Spring in Yellowstone National Park (=YNP, USA, 98%, DQ243774), at the Cistern Hot Spring at Norris Geyser Basin in YNP (98%, DQ924709) and also at other springs in YNP (98%, DQ833773). Metagenomic sequences from uncultured clones in YNP (94%, ADKH01000984) also support these observations. The 16S rRNA gene similarity values to non-hot-spring metagenomes, e.g., from marine, soil, or human gut, were all below 83%, indicating that Vulcanisaeta is probably not found in these habitats (status July 2010).

Although it is not the case for the type strain IC-017T, V. distributa recently received further interest, as it was found that strain IC-065 contained a 691 bp large intron within its 16S rRNA sequence [4]. Novel 16S rRNA introns have been found in several members of the family Thermoproteaceae [4]. Here we present a summary classification and a set of features for V. distributa strain IC-017T, together with the description of the complete genomic sequencing and annotation.

Classification and features

The cells of strain IC-017T are rigid, straight to slightly curved rods (Figure 1 and Table 1)[4]. Occasionally, they bend, branch out, or bear spherical bodies at the terminae (not seen in Figure 1), which have been termed as ‘golf clubs’. Most cells are 0.4–0.6 µm in width and 3–7 µm long [4]. Pili have been observed to rise terminally or laterally; motility has not been observed [4]. Usually, strain IC-017T grows anaerobically. However, when cultured in media in which sulfur is replaced by sodium thiosulfate (1.0 g/l), strain IC-017T showed weak growth in a low-oxygen atmosphere (1%), but not in air [4].

Figure 1.
figure1

Scanning electron micrograph of V. distributa IC-017T

Full size image
Table 1. Classification and general features of V. distributa IC-017T according to the MIGS recommendations [5]
Full size table

In contrast to Thermocladium or Caldivirga strains, V. distributa grows well even in the absence of a vitamin mixture or archaeal cell-extract solution in the medium [4]. All seven tested strains of V. distributa were shown to be resistant to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oleandomycin, streptomycin and vancomycin, but sensitive to erythromycin, novobiocin and rifampicin (all at 100 µg per ml) [4]. V. distributa needs acidic conditions to grow (pH 3.5 to 5.6). Under optimal growth conditions, the doubling time is 5.5 to 6.5 hours [4]. Sulfur or thiosulfate is required as an electron acceptor. Strain IC-017T does not utilize d-arabinose, d-fructose, lactose, sucrose, d-xylose, acetate, butyrate, formate, fumarate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, methanol, formamide, methylamine or trimethylamine as carbon sources and does not utilize fumarate, malate or nitrate as electron acceptors [4].

Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic neighborhood of V. distributa IC-017T in a 16S rRNA based tree. The sequence of the single 16S rRNA gene copy in the genome of strain IC-017T does not differ from the previously published 16S rRNA sequence (AB063630).

Figure 2.
figure2

Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of V. distributa IC-017T relative to the other type strains within the genus Vulcanisaeta and the type strains of the other genera within Thermoproteales. The tree was inferred from 1,356 aligned characters [16,17] of the 16S rRNA gene sequence under the maximum likelihood criterion [18] and rooted with the type strains of the genera of Desulfurococcales and Acidilobales. The branches are scaled in terms of the expected number of substitutions per site. Numbers above branches are support values from 150 bootstrap replicates [19] if larger than 60%. Lineages with type strain genome sequencing projects registered in GOLD [20] are shown in blue, published genomes [21–24] and INSDC accessions CP000504 and CP00852 in bold.

Full size image

Chemotaxonomy

Strain IC-017T possesses cyclic and acyclic tetraether core lipids [4]. The major cellular polyamines are norspermidine (1.25), spermidine (0.55), agmatine (0.15), norspermine (0.1) and cadaverine (0.1) (values are in µmol/g wet weight of the cell) [25]. Further chemotaxonomic data are not available.

Genome sequencing and annotation

Genome project history

This organism was selected for sequencing on the basis of its phylogenetic position [26], and is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project [27]. The genome project is deposited in the Genome OnLine Database [20] and the complete genome sequence is deposited in GenBank. Sequencing, finishing and annotation were performed by the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI). A summary of the project information is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Genome sequencing project information
Full size table

Growth conditions and DNA isolation

V. distributa IC-017T, DSM 14429, was grown anaerobically in DSMZ medium 88 (Sulfolobus medium) [28] at 90°C. DNA was isolated from 0.5–1 g of cell paste using Qiagen Genomic 500 DNA Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the standard protocol as recommended by the manufacturer.

Genome sequencing and assembly

The genome was sequenced using a 454 sequencing platform. All general aspects of library construction and sequencing can be found at the JGI website. Pyrosequencing reads were assembled using the Newbler assembler version 2.0.0-PostRelease-09/05/2008 (Roche). The initial Newbler assembly consisted of 147 contigs in 13 scaffolds and was converted into a phrap assembly by making fake reads from the consensus, and collecting the read pairs in the 454 paired end library. Draft assemblies were based on 252.4 Mb 454 draft and all of the 454 paired end data. Newbler parameters are -consed -a 50 -l 350 -g -m -ml 20.

The Phred/Phrap/Consed software package was used for sequence assembly and quality assessment in the following finishing process. After the shotgun stage, reads were assembled with parallel phrap (High Performance Software, LLC). Possible mis-assemblies were corrected with gapResolution, Dupfinisher [29], or sequencing cloned bridging PCR fragments with subcloning or transposon bombing (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI) [30].

Gaps between contigs were closed by editing in Consed, by PCR and by Bubble PCR primer walks (J.-F.Chang, unpublished). A total of 97 additional reactions were necessary to close gaps and to raise the quality of the finished sequence. The error rate of the completed genome sequence is less than 1 in 100,000. The final assembly contains 0.8 million pyrosequencing reads that provide 106.3× coverage of the genome.

Genome annotation

Genes were identified using Prodigal [31] as part of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory genome annotation pipeline, followed by a round of manual curation using the JGI GenePRIMP pipeline [32]. The predicted CDSs were translated and used to search the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant database, UniProt, TIGRFam, Pfam, PRIAM, KEGG, COG, and InterPro databases. Additional gene prediction analysis and functional annotation was performed within the Integrated Microbial Genomes - Expert Review (IMG-ER) platform [33].

Genome properties

The genome consists of a 2,374,137 bp long chromosome with a 45.4% GC content (Table 3 and Figure 3). Of the 2,593 genes predicted, 2,544 were protein-coding genes, and 49 RNAs; fifty one pseudogenes were also identified. The majority of the protein-coding genes (57.2%) were assigned a putative function while the remaining ones were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The distribution of genes into COGs functional categories is presented in Table 4.

Figure 3.
figure3

Graphical circular map of the genome. From outside to the center: Genes on forward strand (color by COG categories), Genes on reverse strand (color by COG categories), RNA genes (tRNAs green, rRNAs red, other RNAs black), GC content, GC skew.

Full size image
Table 3. Genome Statistics
Full size table
Table 4. Number of genes associated with the general COG functional categories
Full size table

References

  1. 1.

    Itoh T, Suzuki K, Nakase T. Vulcanisaeta distributa gen. nov., sp. nov., and Vulcanisaeta souniana sp. nov., novel hyperthermophilic, rodshaped crenarchaeotes isolated from hot springs in Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:1097–1104. PubMed doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02152-0

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Euzéby JP. List of bacterial names with standing in nomenclature: A folder available on the Internet. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:590–592. PubMed doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Kimura H, Ishibashi JI, Masuda H, Kato K, Hanada S. Selective phylogenetic analysis targeting 16S rRNA genes of hyperthermophilic archaea in the deep-subsurface hot biosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2110–2117. PubMed doi:10.1128/AEM.02800-06

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Itoh T, Nomura N, Sako Y. Distribution of 16S rRNA introns among the family Thermoproteaceae and their evolutionary implications. Extremophiles 2003; 7:229–233. PubMed

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Field D, Garrity G, Gray T, Morrison N, Selengut J, Sterk P, Tatusova T, Thomson N, Allen MJ, Angiuoli SV, et al. The minimum information about a genome sequence (MIGS) specification. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:541–547. PubMed doi:10.1038/nbt1360

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:4576–4579. PubMed doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Garrity GM, Holt JG. 2001. Phylum AI. Crenarchaeota phy. nov., p. 169–210. In GM Garrity, DR Boone, and RW Castenholz (eds.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition ed, vol. 1. Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    List editor. Validation List No.85: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:685–690. PubMed doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02358-0

  9. 9.

    Reysenbach AL. 2001. Class I. Thermoprotei class. nov., p. 169. In GM Garrity, DR Boone, RW Castenholz (eds), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, second edition ed, vol. 1. Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Zillig W, Stetter KO, Schäfer W, Janekovic D, Wunderl S, Holz J, Palm P. Thermoproteales: a novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from Icelandic solfataras. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg 1. Abt Orig C 1981; 2:205–227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:517–518. PubMed doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63548-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Burggraf S, Huber H, Stetter KO. Reclassification of the crenarchaeal orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence data. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47:657–660. PubMed doi:10.1099/00207713-47-3-657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    List editor. Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB: List No. 8. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1982; 32:266–268. doi:10.1099/00207713-32-2-266

  14. 14.

    Classification of bacteria and archaea in risk groups. TRBA 466.

  15. 15.

    Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, et al. Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 2000; 25:25–29. PubMed doi:10.1038/75556

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Castresana J. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol 2000; 17:540–552. PubMed

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Lee C, Grasso C, Sharlow MF. Multiple sequence alignment using partial order graphs. Bioinformatics 2002; 18:452–464. PubMed doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.3.452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J. A Rapid Bootstrap Algorithm for the RAxML Web Servers. Syst Biol 2008; 57:758–771. PubMed doi:10.1080/10635150802429642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Pattengale ND, Alipour M, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Moret BME, Stamatakis A. How many bootstrap replicates are necessary? Lect Notes Comput Sci 2009; 5541:184–200. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02008-713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Liolios K, Mavromatis K, Tavernarakis N, Kyrpides NC. The Genomes On Line Database (GOLD) in 2007: status of genomic and metagenomic projects and their associated metadata. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:D475–D479. PubMed doi:10.1093/nar/gkm884

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Kawarabayasi Y, Hino Y, Horikawa H, Yamazaki S, Haikawa Y, Jinno K, Takahashi M, Sekine M, Baba S, Ankai A, et al. Complete genome sequence of an aerobic hyper-thermophilic crenarchaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1. DNA Res 1999; 6:83–101, 145–152. PubMed doi:10.1093/dnares/6.2.83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Brügger K, Chen L, Stark M, Zibat A, Redder P, Ruepp A, Awayez M, She Q, Garrett RA, Klenk HP. The genome of Hyperthermus butylicus: a sulfur-reducing, peptide fermenting, neutrophilic Crenarchaeote growing up to 108 degrees C. Archaea 2006; 2:127–135. PubMed doi:10.1155/2007/745987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Anderson IJ, Dharmarajan L, Rodriguez J, Hooper S, Porat I, Ulrich LE, Elkins JG, Mavromatis K, Sun H, Land M, et al. The complete genome sequence of Staphylothermus marinus reveals differences in sulfur metabolism among heterotrophic Crenarchaeota. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:145. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Spring S, Rachel R, Lapidus A, Davenport K, Tice H, Copeland A, Cheng JF, Lucas S, Chen F, Nolan M, et al. Complete genome sequence of Thermosphaera aggregans type strain (M11TLT). Stand Genomic Sci 2010; 2:245–259. doi:10.4056/sigs.821804

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Hamana K, Tanaka T, Hosoya R, Niitsu M, Itoh T. Cellular polyamines of the acidophilic, thermophilic and thermoacidophilic archaebacteria, Acidilobus, Ferroplasma, Pyrobaculum, Pyrococcus, Staphylothermus, Thermococcus, Thermodiscus and Vulcanisaeta. J Gen Appl Microbiol 2003; 49:287–293. PubMed doi:10.2323/jgam.49.287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Klenk HP, Göker M. En route to a genomebased classification of Archaea and Bacteria? Syst Appl Microbiol 2010; 33:175–182. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.03.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Wu D, Hugenholtz P, Mavromatis K, Pukall R, Dalin E, Ivanova NN, Kunin V, Goodwin L, Wu M, Tindall BJ, et al. A phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopaedia of Bacteria and Archaea. Nature 2009; 462:1056–1060. PubMed doi:10.1038/nature08656

    PubMed Central  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    List of growth media used at DSMZ: http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/media_list.php

  29. 29.

    Cliff S. Han, Patrick Chain. 2006. Finishing repeat regions automatically with Dupfinisher. In: Proceeding of the 2006 international conference on bioinformatics & computational biology. Hamid R Arabnia & Homayoun Valafar (eds), CSREA Press. June 26–29, 2006: 141–146.

  30. 30.

    Sims D, Brettin T, Detter J, Han C, Lapidus A, Copeland A, Glavina Del Rio T, Nolan M, Chen F, Lucas S, et al. Complete genome sequence of Kytococcus sedentarius type strain (541T). Stand Genomic Sci 2009; 1:12–20. doi:10.4056/sigs.761

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Hyatt D, Chen GL, Locascio PF, Land ML, Larimer FW, Hauser LJ. Prodigal Prokaryotic Dynamic Programming Genefinding Algorithm. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:119. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-119

    PubMed Central  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Pati A, Ivanova N, Mikhailova N, Ovchinikova G, Hooper SD, Lykidis A, Kyrpides NC. GenePRIMP: A gene prediction improvement pipeline for microbial genomes. Nat Methods 2010; 7:455–457. PubMed doi:10.1038/nmeth.1457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Markowitz VM, Ivanova NN, Chen IMA, Chu K, Kyrpides NC. IMG ER: a system for microbial genome annotation expert review and curation. Bioinformatics 2009; 25:2271–2278. PubMed doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, and Los Alamos National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-06NA25396, UT-Battelle and Oak Ridge National Laboratory under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, as well as German Research Foundation (DFG) INST 599/1-1 and SI 1352/1-2.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA

    Konstantinos Mavromatis, Hazuki Teshima, Alla Lapidus, Susan Lucas, Matt Nolan, Tijana Glavina Del Rio, Jan-Fang Cheng, David Bruce, Lynne Goodwin, Sam Pitluck, Konstantinos Liolios, Natalia Ivanova, Natalia Mikhailova, Amrita Pati, Miriam Land, Loren Hauser, Yun-Juan Chang, Cynthia D. Jeffries, Tanja Woyke, James Bristow, Jonathan A. Eisen, Philip Hugenholtz & Nikos C. Kyrpides

  2. DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany

    Johannes Sikorski, Stefan Spring, Markus Göker & Hans-Peter Klenk

  3. Microbiology - Archaeenzentrum, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Elke Pabst & Reinhard Wirth

  4. Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

    Hazuki Teshima, David Bruce & Lynne Goodwin

  5. Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA

    Amy Chen, Krishna Palaniappan & Victor Markowitz

  6. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

    Miriam Land, Loren Hauser, Yun-Juan Chang & Cynthia D. Jeffries

  7. HZI - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany

    Manfred Rohde

  8. University of California Davis Genome Center, Davis, California, USA

    Jonathan A. Eisen

Authors
  1. Konstantinos Mavromatis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Johannes Sikorski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elke Pabst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hazuki Teshima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alla Lapidus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Susan Lucas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Matt Nolan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tijana Glavina Del Rio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jan-Fang Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. David Bruce
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Lynne Goodwin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Sam Pitluck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Konstantinos Liolios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Natalia Ivanova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Natalia Mikhailova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Amrita Pati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Amy Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Krishna Palaniappan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Miriam Land
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Loren Hauser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Yun-Juan Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Cynthia D. Jeffries
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Manfred Rohde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Stefan Spring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Markus Göker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Reinhard Wirth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Tanja Woyke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. James Bristow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Jonathan A. Eisen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Victor Markowitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Philip Hugenholtz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Hans-Peter Klenk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Nikos C. Kyrpides
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikos C. Kyrpides.

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mavromatis, K., Sikorski, J., Pabst, E. et al. Complete genome sequence of Vulcanisaeta distributa type strain (IC-017T). Stand in Genomic Sci 3, 117–125 (2010). https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.1113067

Download citation

Keywords

  • hyperthermophilic
  • acidophilic
  • non-motile
  • microaerotolerant anaerobe
  • Thermoproteaceae
  • Crenarchaeota
  • GEBA

Environmental Microbiome

ISSN: 2524-6372