Fig. 3
Bacterial communities of bee symbionts (orange), invertebrate symbionts (pink), vertebrate symbionts (yellow), environmental bacteria (green), and pathogens (red) found in honey (A) and pollen (B) samples. Other bacteria from which only the genus was identified are indicated in blue, while those unclassified are represented in grey. The species-level analysis of the identified OTUs revealed: (i) Bee symbionts (orange) isolated from honey, pollen and honeybees, including Arsenophonus nasoniae, Bartonella apis, Bombilactobacillus mellis, Frischella perrara, Gilliamella apicola, Lactobacillus kunkeei, L. helsingborgensis, L. apis, Parasaccharibacter apium, Snodgrassella alvi, and Spiroplasma melliferum; (ii) Invertebrate symbionts (pink) found in other insects and nematods, including Commensalibacter intestine, Moraxella osloensis, Photorhabdus kayaii and Serratia symbiotica; (iii) Vertebrate symbionts (yellow) found in the skin and gut of birds, mammals and humans, including Acinetobacter pullicarnis, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Microbacterium hominis; (iv) Environmental bacteria (green) found in water, soil, plants, seeds, fruits, food and animal faeces, some of which may cause infections in plants and animals, such as Acinetobacter boissieri, A. chinensis, A. junii, Bacillus thuringiensis, Brevundimonas diminuta, B. mediterranea, Burkholderia cepacia, Cutibacterium acnes, Fructobacillus fructosus, F. tropaeoli, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Methyloversatilis discipulorum, Neokomagataea tanensis, Pantoea vagans, P. agglomerans, Pelomonas puraquae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. graminis, and Zymobacter palmae; (v) Pathogens (red) that cause diseases in plants, animals and humans, including Enterococcus faecalis, Lonsdalea britannica, Pseudomonas syringae, Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas campestris, and Yersinia mollaretii; and (vi) other bacteria (blue) representing vertebrate symbionts and environmental bacteria, including Acinetobacter, Erwinia, Fibrobacter, Mycoplasma, Pantoea, Prevotella, Ralstonia, and Undibacterium