Fig. 3

Co-occurrence network of indicator microbiome. Network diagrams with nodes (n = 165) colored according to different ecological modules. Nodes indicate bacterial phylotypes (OTUs) and edges represent significant co-occurrence relationships (Spearman’s ρ > 0.6 and P < 0.05). Node’s size corresponds to their proportion in the community. Edges colored in red or blue denote significant positive or negative correlation, respectively, and edge widths correspond the correlation coefficient values (a). The Pearson correlation between module abundance and soil physicochemical properties and maize production. Blank cells denote the non-significant correlation at the threshold of P < 0.05 (b). The dynamic abundance of contrasting modules in divergent fertilization types across the sampling duration (c)