Coupled DNA-labeling and sequencing approach enables the detection of viable-but-non-culturable Vibrio spp. in irrigation water sources in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Table 4 Detection of Vibrio spp. in nontraditional irrigation water samples using culture-based methods versus 16S rRNA sequencing with and without BrdU labeling

Sampling sites/ detection methods	APW			EPW			No enrichment
Sampling sites/ detection methods	Culture	16S-BrdU	16S- No BrdU	Culture	16S-BrdU	16S- No BrdU	16S-BrdU	16S- No BrdU
*V. aesturianus*
Reclaimed water (n = 48)	Absent	0.002	0.003	Absent	0	0.001	0.001	0.0003
Tidal brackish water (n = 48)	Absent	0.1	1.3	Absent	0	0.3	0.02	0
Nontidal freshwater (n = 36)	Absent	0	0	Absent	0.0008	0.0007	0.0007	0.003
Pond water (n = 48)	Absent	0	0	Absent	0.013	0	0	0
*V. cholerae*
Reclaimed water (n = 48)	Present	0.004	0.4	Present	0.005	0.014	0.002	0.003
Tidal brackish water (n = 48)	Present	0.5	1.9	Present	0.04	1	0.009	0.009
Nontidal freshwater (n = 36)	Absent	0.004	0.004	Present	0.003	0.003	0.005	0.003
Pond water (n = 48)	Absent	0.004	0.002	Absent	0.006	0.005	0.002	0.003
*V. parahaemolyticus*
Reclaimed water (n = 48)	Present	0.01	0.01	Present	0.03	0.013	0.004	0.004
Tidal brackish water (n = 48)	Present	0.24	0.4	Present	0.37	0.06	0.007	0.002
Nontidal freshwater (n = 36)	Absent	0.021	0.007	Absent	0.024	0.013	0.002	0.008
Pond water (n = 48)	Absent	0.03	0.0001	Absent	0.07	0.01	0.004	0.008
*V. shilonii*
Reclaimed water (n = 48)	Absent	0	0.01	Absent	0	0	0	0
Tidal brackish water (n = 48)	Absent	0.02	0.06	Absent	0	0.0025	0.001	0
Nontidal freshwater (n = 36)	Absent	0.0004	0	Absent	0.0004	0.0006	0	0
Pond water (n = 48)	Absent	0	0	Absent	0	0	0	0
*V. vulnificus*
Reclaimed water (n = 48)	Present	0.007	0.07	Absent	0.01	0.004	0.009	0.002
Tidal brackish water (n = 48)	Absent	0.9	2.84	Absent	0.05	0.32	0.14	0.02
Nontidal freshwater (n = 36)	Absent	0.005	0.002	Absent	0.02	0.006	0.002	0.009
Pond water (n = 48)	Absent	0.015	0.006	Absent	0.03	0.01	0.007	0.013

ISSN: 2524-6372