Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Table 2 Significance of the bacterial community differences between sample types and sampling seasons

Samples included	Experimental grouping	R^b	p-value
All samples	Sample groups^a	0.92	< 0.001
All samples	Seasons	0.04	< 0.003
Sewage	Effluent and Influents	0.34	< 0.001
Sewage effluent	Seasons	0.20	< 0.001
Industrial effluents	Industry I and Industry II	0.67	< 0.001
Industrial effluents	Seasons	−0.09	< 0.737^a
Surface Water	Lake region, tributaries, and main river	0.10	< 0.002
	Seasons	0.38	< 0.001
	Sampling depth 1 m, 10 m, and 40 m in Site 2 of surface water (Pyhäjärvi)	0.07	< 0.196^a
Treated samples	Pretreated water and AGR process water (combining groundwater observation well and production well samples)	0.96	< 0.001
Treated samples	Seasons	−0.06	< 0.970^a

^a Ordination method: PCoA, distance method: Bray-Curtis index, taxonomic level: OTU, statistical method: analysis of group similarities (ANOSIM). Sample groups are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 2. ^bEvaluation criteria: (a) 0.75 < R < 1, highly separate; (b) 0.5 < R < 0.75, separate; (c) 0.25 < R < 0.5, separate with some overlap; (d) 0.1 < R < 0.25, similar with some differences; (e) R < 0.1, similar [46]. The experimental groups having separate and significantly different bacterial communities are highlighted in bold and underlined. Sample groups showing p-value with * had low sample numbers, so they did not have sufficient itineration during analysis

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